| Primary Source |
[1] Heuser, J. E. & Reese, T. S. Evidence for recycling of synaptic vesicle membrane during transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Cell Biol. 57, 315–344 (1973) [4] Zhang, Q., Cao, Y.-Q. & Tsien, R. W. Quantum dots provide an optical signal specific to full collapse fusion of synaptic vesicles. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 17843–17848 (2007) [5] Richards, D. A., Bai, J. & Chapman, E. R. Two modes of exocytosis at hippocampal synapses revealed by rate of FM1-43 efflux from individual vesicles. J. Cell Biol. 168, 929–939 (2005) [6] Von Gersdorff, H. & Matthews, G. Dynamics of synaptic vesicle fusion and membrane retrieval in synaptic terminals. Nature 367, 735–739 (1994)PubMed ID4348786, 17968015, 15767463, 7906397
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P.242 left column top paragraph:"Recycling of synaptic vesicle membrane and proteins is required to keep membrane surface area constant and ensure efficient neurotransmission during sustained synaptic activity. Classical ultrastructural analysis of frog neuromuscular junctions led to two models of endocytosis. A slow endocytic pathway that takes place distant from active zones via clathrin scaffolds ~20 s after exocytosis was proposed [primary source 1]. A fast mechanism, now termed kiss-and-run, that retrieves fusing vesicles by reversing their neck was then suggested [refs 2,3]—a process that takes place within 1 s [primary sources 4, 5, 6]. Since then, many studies have focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms and the kinetics of endocytosis to distinguish these two models. However, conflicting evidence has accumulated over the past 40 years." Primary sources investigated: [1] Frog (Rana pipiens) Sartorius nerve-muscles [4 & 5] Hippocampal rat neurons [6] Bipolar neurons of goldfish retina |