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[7] Alpy, F. et al. STARD3 or STARD3NL and VAP form a novel molecular tether between late endosomes and the ER. J. Cell Sci. 126, 5500–5512 (2013). doi: 10.1242/jcs.139295. [10] Friedman, J. R., Dibenedetto, J. R., West, M., Rowland, A. A. & Voeltz, G. K. Endoplasmic reticulum–endosome contact increases as endosomes traffic and mature. Mol. Biol. Cell 24, 1030–1040 (2013). doi: 10.1091/mbc.E12-10-0733. [11] Eden, E. R., White, I. J., Tsapara, A. & Futter, C. E. Membrane contacts between endosomes and ER provide sites for PTP1B–epidermal growth factor receptor interaction. Nat. Cell Biol. 12, 267–272 (2010). doi: 10.1038/ncb2026. [15] Cosson, P., Marchetti, A., Ravazzola, M. & Orci, L. Mitofusin-2 independent juxtaposition of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria: an ultrastructural study. PLoS ONE 7, e46293 (2012). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046293. [16] Murley, A. et al. ER-associated mitochondrial division links the distribution of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA in yeast. eLife 2, e00422 (2013). doi: 10.7554/eLife.00422.PubMed ID24105263, 23389631, 20118922, 23029466, 23682313
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P.69 right column 2nd paragraph: "Electron micrographs have also been used to measure the distance between the ER and the apposing organelles. The gap distances are quite similar: 3–15 nm for ER–endosome [BNID 112889] and 6–15 nm for ER–mitochondria [BNID 112889]. Such short tethering distances allow channelling of smooth ER materials, such as lipids and Ca2+ (discussed below). Electron microscopy and tomography also revealed the frequency of membrane contact. Typically, the ER network will interact at multiple small and discrete positions with an individual organelle [primary source 10, refs 9, 12, 13, 14] (Fig. 1b,c). When these contacts are cumulatively analysed, mammalian ER MCSs cover about 2–5% of the surface area of an average mitochondrion [primary sources 15, 16] and 3–5% of the surface of an endosome [primary sources 7, 10, 11]. These multiple discrete contact sites could be functionally redundant, or they may each mediate different activities." Primary sources studied: [7] HeLa cells [10] Cos-7 cells (monkey kidney) or U2OS (Human Bone Osteosarcoma Epithelial) cells [11] HeLa cells [15] Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) [16] yeast |