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Concentration of virus-like particles (VLP)

Range	in bovine rumenal fluid 5×10^7: in rumenal fluid of sheep & cattle ≤10^9 VLP/ml
Organism	Ruminants
Reference	Letarov A, Kulikov E. The bacteriophages in human- and animal body-associated microbial communities. J Appl Microbiol. 2009 Jul107(1):1-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04143.x. p.2 right column 3rd paragraphPubMed ID19239553
Primary Source	Paynter, M.J.B., Ewert, D.L. and Chalupa, W. (1969) Some morphological types of bacteriophages in bovine rumen contents. Appl Microbiol 18, 942–943. AND Ritchie, A.E., Robinson, I.M. and Allison, M.J. (1970) Rumen bacteriophage: survey of morphological types. In Microscopie electronique ed. Favard, P. Vol. 3, pp. 333–334. Paris: Societe Francaise de Microscopie electronique (cited by Tarakanov, 2006).PubMed ID5370464
Comments	P.2 right column 3rd paragraph: "Various data also exist on concentrations of VLP in microbiota of various body sites, though they are still very scarce. Paynter et al. (primary source) studied bovine ruminal viruses by TEM, estimating the viral abundance as 5×10^7 VLP/ml of rumenal fluid. Later, Ritchie et al. (primary source) reported up to 10^9 VLP/ml in the ruminal fluid of sheep and cattle. In their observations, VLPs outnumbered bacterial cells in the rumen by 10–20 times."
Entered by	Uri M
ID	112501