Abstract
Cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (di-GMP) is a circular RNA dinucleotide that functions as a second messenger in diverse species of bacteria to trigger wide-ranging physiological changes, including cell differentiation, conversion between motile and biofilm lifestyles, and virulence gene expression. However, the mechanisms by which cyclic di-GMP regulates gene expression have remained a mystery. We found that cyclic di-GMP in many bacterial species is sensed by a riboswitch class in messenger RNA that controls the expression of genes involved in numerous fundamental cellular processes. A variety of cyclic di-GMP regulons are revealed, including some riboswitches associated with virulence gene expression, pilus formation, and flagellum biosynthesis. In addition, sequences matching the consensus for cyclic di-GMP riboswitches are present in the genome of a bacteriophage.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
MeSH terms
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Aptamers, Nucleotide / metabolism*
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Bacillus cereus / genetics
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Bacillus cereus / metabolism
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Bacteria / genetics*
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Bacteria / metabolism
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Bacteriophages / genetics
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Base Sequence
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Clostridioides difficile / genetics
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Clostridioides difficile / metabolism
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Cyclic GMP / analogs & derivatives*
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Cyclic GMP / metabolism
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Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial*
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Genes, Bacterial
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Ligands
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Molecular Sequence Data
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Nucleic Acid Conformation
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RNA, Bacterial / chemistry
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RNA, Bacterial / metabolism*
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RNA, Messenger / chemistry
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RNA, Messenger / metabolism*
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Regulon
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Second Messenger Systems*
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Vibrio cholerae / genetics
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Vibrio cholerae / metabolism
Substances
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Aptamers, Nucleotide
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Ligands
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RNA, Bacterial
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RNA, Messenger
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bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid
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Cyclic GMP